• Gene id: 51738

Gene Summary

• Gene Symbol: GHRL   Gene   UCSC   Ensembl
• Aliases: MTLRP
• Gene name: ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide
• Alternate names: appetite-regulating hormone, In2c-preproghrelin, ghrelin, growth hormone secretagogue receptor ligand, ghrelin/obestatin preprohormone, ghrelin/obestatin prepropeptide, growth hormone-releasing peptide, motilin-related peptide, prepro-appetite regulatory ,
• Gene location: 3p25.3 (10292946: 10285749)     Exons: 7     NC_000003.12
• Gene summary(Entrez): This gene encodes the ghrelin-obestatin preproprotein that is cleaved to yield two peptides, ghrelin and obestatin. Ghrelin is a powerful appetite stimulant and plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Its secretion is initiated when the stomach is
• OMIM: 605353

Protein Summary

• Protein general information: Q9UBU3  
  • Name: Appetite regulating hormone (Growth hormone secretagogue) (Growth hormone releasing peptide) (Motilin related peptide) (Protein M46) [Cleaved into: Ghrelin 27; Ghrelin 28 (Ghrelin); Obestatin]
  • Length: 117  
  • Mass: 12,911
• Sequence:

  MPSPGTVCSLLLLGMLWLDLAMAGSSFLSPEHQRVQQRKESKKPPAKLQPRALAGWLRPEDGGQAEGAEDELEVR
  FNAPFDVGIKLSGVQYQQHSQALGKFLQDILWEEAKEAPADK

• Structural information:
  • Interpro: IPR006737  IPR006738  IPR005441  
  • PDB: 1P7X
  • PDBsum: 1P7X
  • STRING: ENSP00000335074
• Other Databases: GeneCards:  GHRL  Malacards:  GHRL

Gene ontology

GO accession	Term name	Evidence code	Go category
GO:0000187	activation of MAPK activity	IMP	biological process
GO:0001664	G-protein coupled receptor binding	ISS	molecular function
GO:0001696	gastric acid secretion	IBA	biological process
GO:0001937	negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation	IDA	biological process
GO:0005515	protein binding	IPI	molecular function
GO:0005576	extracellular region	IDA	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005615	extracellular space	IDA	cellular component
GO:0005615	extracellular space	IDA	cellular component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lumen	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lumen	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lumen	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lumen	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005829	cytosol	IEA	cellular component
GO:0006006	glucose metabolic process	NAS	biological process
GO:0007186	G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway	ISS	biological process
GO:0007186	G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway	TAS	biological process
GO:0007204	positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	ISS	biological process
GO:0008154	actin polymerization or depolymerization	IDA	biological process
GO:0008343	adult feeding behavior	ISS	biological process
GO:0009725	response to hormone	IDA	biological process
GO:0009755	hormone-mediated signaling pathway	TAS	biological process
GO:0016358	dendrite development	IDA	biological process
GO:0016525	negative regulation of angiogenesis	NAS	biological process
GO:0016608	growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	ISS	molecular function
GO:0016608	growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	TAS	molecular function
GO:0030252	growth hormone secretion	TAS	biological process
GO:0030296	protein tyrosine kinase activator activity	IMP	molecular function
GO:0030424	axon	IDA	cellular component
GO:0031768	ghrelin receptor binding	ISS	molecular function
GO:0031768	ghrelin receptor binding	TAS	molecular function
GO:0032024	positive regulation of insulin secretion	ISS	biological process
GO:0032095	regulation of response to food	IBA	biological process
GO:0032100	positive regulation of appetite	ISS	biological process
GO:0032691	negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production	IDA	biological process
GO:0034774	secretory granule lumen	TAS	cellular component
GO:0034774	secretory granule lumen	TAS	cellular component
GO:0040013	negative regulation of locomotion	IEA	biological process
GO:0040018	positive regulation of multicellular organism growth	IC	biological process
GO:0042127	regulation of cell proliferation	IDA	biological process
GO:0042127	regulation of cell proliferation	IDA	biological process
GO:0042322	negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep	IDA	biological process
GO:0042536	negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process	IDA	biological process
GO:0043066	negative regulation of apoptotic process	IDA	biological process
GO:0043400	cortisol secretion	NAS	biological process
GO:0043627	response to estrogen	IDA	biological process
GO:0045409	negative regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process	IDA	biological process
GO:0046010	positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep	IDA	biological process
GO:0046676	negative regulation of insulin secretion	IEA	biological process
GO:0046697	decidualization	IDA	biological process
GO:0050728	negative regulation of inflammatory response	IDA	biological process
GO:0051216	cartilage development	NAS	biological process
GO:0051461	positive regulation of corticotropin secretion	IDA	biological process
GO:0051464	positive regulation of cortisol secretion	IDA	biological process
GO:0051464	positive regulation of cortisol secretion	IDA	biological process
GO:0051965	positive regulation of synapse assembly	IDA	biological process
GO:0060079	excitatory postsynaptic potential	IEA	biological process
GO:0060124	positive regulation of growth hormone secretion	IDA	biological process
GO:0060124	positive regulation of growth hormone secretion	IDA	biological process
GO:0060399	positive regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway	IC	biological process
GO:0061098	positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity	IEA	biological process
GO:0098794	postsynapse	IEA	cellular component
GO:2000506	negative regulation of energy homeostasis	IEA	biological process
GO:2000507	positive regulation of energy homeostasis	IEA	biological process
GO:0000187	activation of MAPK activity	IMP	biological process
GO:0001664	G-protein coupled receptor binding	IEA	molecular function
GO:0001664	G-protein coupled receptor binding	ISS	molecular function
GO:0001696	gastric acid secretion	IEA	biological process
GO:0001696	gastric acid secretion	IBA	biological process
GO:0001937	negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation	IDA	biological process
GO:0005179	hormone activity	IEA	molecular function
GO:0005179	hormone activity	IEA	molecular function
GO:0005179	hormone activity	IEA	molecular function
GO:0005515	protein binding	IPI	molecular function
GO:0005576	extracellular region	IEA	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	IEA	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	IEA	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	IEA	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	IDA	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005615	extracellular space	IDA	cellular component
GO:0005615	extracellular space	IDA	cellular component
GO:0005737	cytoplasm	IEA	cellular component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lumen	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lumen	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lumen	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lumen	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005829	cytosol	IEA	cellular component
GO:0006006	glucose metabolic process	NAS	biological process
GO:0007186	G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway	IEA	biological process
GO:0007186	G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway	ISS	biological process
GO:0007186	G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway	TAS	biological process
GO:0007204	positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	IEA	biological process
GO:0007204	positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	ISS	biological process
GO:0008154	actin polymerization or depolymerization	IDA	biological process
GO:0008343	adult feeding behavior	IEA	biological process
GO:0008343	adult feeding behavior	ISS	biological process
GO:0009725	response to hormone	IDA	biological process
GO:0009755	hormone-mediated signaling pathway	TAS	biological process
GO:0016358	dendrite development	IEA	biological process
GO:0016358	dendrite development	IDA	biological process
GO:0016525	negative regulation of angiogenesis	NAS	biological process
GO:0016608	growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	IEA	molecular function
GO:0016608	growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	IEA	molecular function
GO:0016608	growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	ISS	molecular function
GO:0016608	growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	TAS	molecular function
GO:0030252	growth hormone secretion	TAS	biological process
GO:0030296	protein tyrosine kinase activator activity	IMP	molecular function
GO:0030424	axon	IDA	cellular component
GO:0031768	ghrelin receptor binding	IEA	molecular function
GO:0031768	ghrelin receptor binding	ISS	molecular function
GO:0031768	ghrelin receptor binding	TAS	molecular function
GO:0032024	positive regulation of insulin secretion	IEA	biological process
GO:0032024	positive regulation of insulin secretion	ISS	biological process
GO:0032095	regulation of response to food	IEA	biological process
GO:0032095	regulation of response to food	IBA	biological process
GO:0032097	positive regulation of response to food	IEA	biological process
GO:0032100	positive regulation of appetite	IEA	biological process
GO:0032100	positive regulation of appetite	ISS	biological process
GO:0032691	negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production	IDA	biological process
GO:0034774	secretory granule lumen	TAS	cellular component
GO:0034774	secretory granule lumen	TAS	cellular component
GO:0040013	negative regulation of locomotion	IEA	biological process
GO:0040018	positive regulation of multicellular organism growth	IC	biological process
GO:0042127	regulation of cell proliferation	IDA	biological process
GO:0042127	regulation of cell proliferation	IDA	biological process
GO:0042322	negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep	IDA	biological process
GO:0042536	negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process	IDA	biological process
GO:0043066	negative regulation of apoptotic process	IEA	biological process
GO:0043066	negative regulation of apoptotic process	IDA	biological process
GO:0043400	cortisol secretion	NAS	biological process
GO:0043627	response to estrogen	IDA	biological process
GO:0045409	negative regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process	IDA	biological process
GO:0046010	positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep	IDA	biological process
GO:0046676	negative regulation of insulin secretion	IEA	biological process
GO:0046697	decidualization	IDA	biological process
GO:0050728	negative regulation of inflammatory response	IDA	biological process
GO:0051216	cartilage development	NAS	biological process
GO:0051461	positive regulation of corticotropin secretion	IDA	biological process
GO:0051464	positive regulation of cortisol secretion	IDA	biological process
GO:0051464	positive regulation of cortisol secretion	IDA	biological process
GO:0051965	positive regulation of synapse assembly	IEA	biological process
GO:0051965	positive regulation of synapse assembly	IDA	biological process
GO:0060079	excitatory postsynaptic potential	IEA	biological process
GO:0060124	positive regulation of growth hormone secretion	IEA	biological process
GO:0060124	positive regulation of growth hormone secretion	IDA	biological process
GO:0060124	positive regulation of growth hormone secretion	IDA	biological process
GO:0060399	positive regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway	IC	biological process
GO:0061098	positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity	IEA	biological process
GO:0098794	postsynapse	IEA	cellular component
GO:2000506	negative regulation of energy homeostasis	IEA	biological process
GO:2000507	positive regulation of energy homeostasis	IEA	biological process
GO:0000187	activation of MAPK activity	IMP	biological process
GO:0001664	G-protein coupled receptor binding	ISS	molecular function
GO:0001696	gastric acid secretion	IBA	biological process
GO:0001937	negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation	IDA	biological process
GO:0005515	protein binding	IPI	molecular function
GO:0005576	extracellular region	IDA	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005615	extracellular space	IDA	cellular component
GO:0005615	extracellular space	IDA	cellular component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lumen	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lumen	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lumen	TAS	cellular component
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lumen	TAS	cellular component
GO:0006006	glucose metabolic process	NAS	biological process
GO:0007186	G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway	ISS	biological process
GO:0007186	G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway	TAS	biological process
GO:0007204	positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	ISS	biological process
GO:0008154	actin polymerization or depolymerization	IDA	biological process
GO:0008343	adult feeding behavior	ISS	biological process
GO:0009725	response to hormone	IDA	biological process
GO:0009755	hormone-mediated signaling pathway	TAS	biological process
GO:0016358	dendrite development	IDA	biological process
GO:0016525	negative regulation of angiogenesis	NAS	biological process
GO:0016608	growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	ISS	molecular function
GO:0016608	growth hormone-releasing hormone activity	TAS	molecular function
GO:0030252	growth hormone secretion	TAS	biological process
GO:0030296	protein tyrosine kinase activator activity	IMP	molecular function
GO:0030424	axon	IDA	cellular component
GO:0031768	ghrelin receptor binding	ISS	molecular function
GO:0031768	ghrelin receptor binding	TAS	molecular function
GO:0032024	positive regulation of insulin secretion	ISS	biological process
GO:0032095	regulation of response to food	IBA	biological process
GO:0032100	positive regulation of appetite	ISS	biological process
GO:0032691	negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production	IDA	biological process
GO:0034774	secretory granule lumen	TAS	cellular component
GO:0034774	secretory granule lumen	TAS	cellular component
GO:0040018	positive regulation of multicellular organism growth	IC	biological process
GO:0042127	regulation of cell proliferation	IDA	biological process
GO:0042127	regulation of cell proliferation	IDA	biological process
GO:0042322	negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep	IDA	biological process
GO:0042536	negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process	IDA	biological process
GO:0043066	negative regulation of apoptotic process	IDA	biological process
GO:0043400	cortisol secretion	NAS	biological process
GO:0043627	response to estrogen	IDA	biological process
GO:0045409	negative regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process	IDA	biological process
GO:0046010	positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep	IDA	biological process
GO:0046697	decidualization	IDA	biological process
GO:0050728	negative regulation of inflammatory response	IDA	biological process
GO:0051216	cartilage development	NAS	biological process
GO:0051461	positive regulation of corticotropin secretion	IDA	biological process
GO:0051464	positive regulation of cortisol secretion	IDA	biological process
GO:0051464	positive regulation of cortisol secretion	IDA	biological process
GO:0051965	positive regulation of synapse assembly	IDA	biological process
GO:0060124	positive regulation of growth hormone secretion	IDA	biological process
GO:0060124	positive regulation of growth hormone secretion	IDA	biological process
GO:0060399	positive regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway	IC	biological process

KEGG pathways

Pathway id	Pathway name
hsa04024	cAMP signaling pathway
hsa04080	Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction

Diseases

Associated diseases	References
Cancer	GAD: 15894681
Cancer (colon)	GAD: 18992263
Cancer (colorectal)	GAD: 20920174
Cancer (esophageal)	GAD: 18398047
Cancer (lymphoma)	GAD: 15894681
Cancer (breast)	GAD: 16606630
Atherosclerosis	GAD: 17324965
Cardiovascular disease	GAD: 17890503
Hypertension	GAD: 20010782
Asthma	GAD: 19191138
Churg-Strauss Syndrome	GAD: 20185531
Hypercholesterolemia	GAD: 20602615
Insulin resistance	GAD: 18071345
Metabolic syndrome	GAD: 16108842
Obesity	GAD: 14724664
Diabetes	GAD: 12974878
Bone diseases	GAD: 19453261
Anorexia nervosa	GAD: 17197106
Autism	GAD: 19058789
Eating disorders	GAD: 17167339
Psychological disorders	GAD: 18797403
Schizophrenia	GAD: 19193342
Bulimia	GAD: 16921495
Depression	GAD: 18797403
Chronic renal failure	GAD: 21085059
Kidney diseases	GAD: 17635077
Amenorrhoea	INFBASE: 22252944
Embryo development	INFBASE: 21924713
Endometriosis	INFBASE: 18976754
Female infertility	INFBASE: 20385382
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)	INFBASE: 17163351
Steroidogenic dysfunction in testis	MIK: 17079741
Dyspermia	MIK: 18584411
Male factor infertility	MIK: 18584411
Sperm concentration and motility	MIK: 21474128
Nephropathy	GAD: 16793966
Dyspermia	MIK: 18567901
Dyspermia	MIK: 18584411
Sperm concentration and motility	MIK: 21474128
Steroidogenic dysfunction in testis	MIK: 17079741
Teratozoospermia	MIK: 17327269

PubMed references

PMID	Condition	Mutation	Ethnicity	Population details	Infertility_type	Associated_genes
21474128	Sperm concentration and motility			112	Male infertility
17079741	Steroidogenic dysfunction in testis			49 ( 5 fertile volunteers, 8 patients with obstructive azoospermia, and 36 oligospermic patients with varicocele testis)	Male infertiltiy
18584411	Dyspermia			98 (26 men with normospermia and proven fertility, 62 men with idiopathic oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia, 10 men with idiopathic azoospermia)	Male infertility	Ghrelin
18567901	Dyspermia			98 (26 men with normospermia and proven fertility, 62 men with idiopathic oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia, 10 men with idiopathic azoospermia)	Male infertility	Ghrelin
17327269	Teratozoospermia			13 (5 controls, 8 cases)	Male infertility	GSE6967 analyzed by GEO2R (cutoff 1.5 fold)